1.
Peggy often affirms the consequent when reasoning with
declarative statements. Which of the following would she be most likely to say?
A) Eating vegetables is the same as taking vitamins. So
taking vitamins is the same as eating vegetables.
B) If you eat vegetables, you will get strong. You are
strong, so that means you ate vegetables.
C) Vitamins are to vegetables as studying is to passing an
exam.
D) If you take vitamins instead of eating vegetables, you
will never get enough nutrients.
Correct Answer(s): B
2.
"All crossing guards wear yellow. Jason does not wear
yellow. Jason is not a crossing guard." This is an example of
A) applying a reason.
B) applying a generalization.
C) applying a paradox.
D) applying an exception.
Correct Answer(s): D
3.
Larry often uses vague subject pronouns such as
"it." This leads to fallacies of
A) composition and division.
B) false reference.
C) false classification.
D) denying the antecedent.
Correct Answer(s): B
4.
"Marcia is Kelly's classmate. So, Kelly is Marcia's
classmate." This is an example of a
A) transitivity relationship.
B) proximity relationship.
C) reflexivity relationship.
D) identity relationship.
Correct Answer(s): C
5.
Emily is a strong critical thinker. When she hears the
statement "Maggie is Susan's biological sister," she
A) calls in an expert to confirm the statement.
B) questions the term "sister."
C) does not take the statement at face value.
D) infers that they have the same mother.
Correct Answer(s): D
6.
Affirming the antecedent is a type of
A) truthful fallacy.
B) inductive argument.
C) logical fallacy.
D) deductive argument.
Correct Answer(s): D
7.
"Everyone who has worked in a restaurant has made tips.
Martin has never made tips." Which of the sentences below would make this
into an example of applying an exception?
A) This means Martin is a mediocre waiter.
B) This means Martin works in an office.
C) This means Martin has never worked in a restaurant.
D) This means Martin has made a salary.
Correct Answer(s): C
8.
Olivia is teaching a course on critical thinking. What
example would she give her class to describe applying a generalization?
A) Some students work hard. Mark is not one of these
students.
B) All students are slackers. Mark is a student, so Mark is
a slacker.
C) Students never study before the test. Mark does, so he is
a student.
D) No students like to study. Mark likes to study, so Mark
is a student.
Correct Answer(s): B
9.
Terms like "brother" and "greater than"
are examples of
A) marked terms.
B) transitive terms.
C) reflexive terms.
D) relational terms.
Correct Answer(s): D
"Criminals use the telephone. My mother uses the
telephone. My mother is a criminal." Assuming the mother is not a
criminal, this is an example of
A) true causality.
B) correct deduction.
C) marked terminology.
D) false classification.
Correct Answer(s): D
11.
"If you run every day, you will lose weight."
Which of the following statements should be added to this to make it an example
of affirming the consequent?
A) You lost weight, so you must have run every day.
B) You should keep running to lose more weight.
C) Losing weight is the only benefit of running.
D) Joint pain can be a side effect of running.
Correct Answer(s): A
12.
"If you fail the test, it's because you didn't study.
You failed the test, so you must not have studied." This is an example of
A) cataloguing the differences
B) reflecting the outcome
C) affirming the consequent
D) declaring the claim
Correct Answer(s): C
13.
Which of the following statements about facts and logic is
true, according the text?
A) Facts and logic are two different things.
B) Logic and facts are the same thing.
C) Facts are more valid than logic.
D) Logic is more trustworthy than facts.
Correct Answer(s): A
14.
Marcie is using the affirming the antecedent template. She
must use which of the following grammatical structures when constructing her
argument?
A) Neither A nor B
B) Both A and B
C) If A then B
D) Not A and not B
Correct Answer(s): C
15.
A unless B is a logically equivalent grammatical structure
to
A) A only if B.
B) not A unless B.
C) if A then B.
D) A or B.
Correct Answer(s): D
16.
"Kylie, age 8, loves the violin. Professional musicians
play the violin." What phrase would we add to make this an example of
false reference?
A) Therefore, Kylie wants to be a professional musician.
B) Therefore, Kylie is not learning the violin.
C) Therefore, Kylie plays in an orchestra.
D) Therefore, Kylie cannot read music.
Correct Answer(s): A
17.
Alana often uses the deductive argument that relies on the
grammatical power of "if A, then B" expressions. What deductive
argument does she use?
A) Disjunctive syllogism
B) Affirming the antecedent
C) Grammatical equivalencies
D) Applying a generalization
Correct Answer(s): B
18.
Whenever we have a _________ that asserts that a given
characteristic applies to each of the members of a class of objects, we can
logically assert that a given individual or subgroup of individuals that are
members of that class has that characteristic.
A) statistic
B) generalization
C) inference
D) assumption
Correct Answer(s): B
19.
What is an inductive argument?
A) an argument that presents its conclusion as true given
the truth of the premises
B) an argument that deconstructs its conclusion based on the
falsehood of its premised
C) an argument that presents its conclusion as probabilistic
given the truth of the premises
D) an argument that constructs itself naturally given the
falsehood of its claims
Correct Answer(s): C
20.
What is a reflexivity relationship?
A) If x has a reflexive relationship to y, then y has the
same reflexive relationship to x.
B) If x has a reflexive relationship to y, then x also has
the same reflexive relationship to z.
C) If x has a reflexive relationship to y, then y cannot
have the same relationship to x.
D) If x has a reflexive relationship to y, then y must have
a reflexive relationship to z.
Correct Answer(s): A
